Conversion of Goat Fibroblasts into Lineage‐Specific Cells Using a Direct Reprogramming Strategy

Direct reprogramming is an efficient strategy to convert one cell type to another. In this study, due to the failure of maintaining the undifferentiated state of goat embryotic stem‐ and induced pluripotent stem‐like cells in vitro, we explored an alternative way to directly convert goat fibroblasts to lineage‐specific cells. The ‘Yamanaka factors’ was ectopically expressed in fibroblasts for a short term to situate cells in a metastable state. By culturing with lineage‐specific media for 1–2 weeks, the cardiomyocyte‐like cells and neurocyte‐like cells were generated and confirmed by the quantitative RT‐PCR and immunocytochemical staining. The metastable‐state cells could also be converted into oocyte‐like cells (OLCs) after culturing in media with retinoic acid (RA) and bovine follicular fluid (bFF) for 2–3 weeks. The generated OLCs were surrounded by cumulus granulosa cell‐like cells and formed a structure resembling goat cumulus‐oocyte complex from ovaries. This primary follicular structure could be developed further in oocyte mature medium and expressed germ cell‐specific markers. In addition, we found that the induction efficiency was higher and OLC cell size was bigger in bFF than in RA treatment. Altogether, the direct reprogramming of goat fibroblasts into lineage‐specific cells can facilitate stem cell research in domestic animals.     

伞裙追寄蝇滞育期间主要物质含量变化研究

为了明确伞裙追寄蝇滞育过程中主要抗寒物质及其含量的变化,对伞裙追寄蝇滞育期间主要物质总糖、蛋白质和脂类含量的变化进行了研究。结果表明,糖原含量在滞育期高于非滞育期的浓度,具有显著差异,且在蛹期达到最大值,分别为156.73μg/mg、68.32μg/mg,两者差异显著。在伞裙追寄蝇进入滞育之前,非滞育期蛋白质含量较高,在蛹期达到最大值为78.34μg/mg;滞育期则为72.95μg/mg,二者差异显著。滞育和非滞育成虫体内的甘油含量很低,在整个发育过程中,除蛹期外,其他各时期伞裙追寄蝇的甘油浓度在滞育期高于非滞育期,且差异均显著。比较各物质含量可知伞裙追寄蝇滞育时的主要抗寒物质是糖原。     

81份春小麦种质资源抗条锈病评价

本研究结合苗期分小种接种和大田成株期自然诱发条件下对供试的81份春小麦资源进行抗条锈病鉴定,分析其抗条锈病情况、抗病类型及抗病性关系,结果表明:具全生育期抗条锈病类型的资源有7份,具成株期抗条锈病类型的资源有39份,有30份资源为含有成株期和对部分小种失去抗性的全生育期抗病性的抗性类型;苗期分别接种7个小种后,表现抗病的资源数为9~25份不等,表现中抗的资源为2~6份不等,表现感病的有50~69份不等,成株期表现抗病的73份,表现中抗的3份,感病的5份,即供试种质资源大部分表现为苗期感病,而成株期具有抗病性。聚类分析结果表明,该81份种质资源抗性聚类相对分散,遗传多样性水平较高。研究结果为小麦育种提供优良的抗条锈性资源。     

白枸杞瘤螨的虫瘿特点、分布及对枸杞的危害

本文调查了内蒙古托克托县白枸杞瘤螨为害引起的虫瘿在枸杞植株不同方向枝条,不同相对位置枝条,同一枝条上不同部位叶片上的分布,及螨虫对枸杞叶片和果实造成的为害。结果表明,白枸杞瘤螨有较重为害西北方向枝条的倾向。枸杞生长中后期,虫瘿的分布多集中在植株的上、中部和枝条端部的嫩叶上。白枸杞瘤螨为害形成的虫瘿直径在1~7.5mm之间,不同大小虫瘿出现的频率呈正态分布,直径2~4mm的虫瘿占绝大多数。虫瘿直径与其内活螨数量有一定的相关性,虫瘿直径小于4mm时,直径与其内活螨数量呈正相关趋势;直径大于4mm时,呈负相关。受害叶的叶长、叶宽、叶面积及果实的纵径、横径、重量均显著减小,受害叶的叶长、叶宽约为正常叶的3/4,叶面积约为正常叶面积的1/2,干果重量减少11.5%。     

甜菜筒喙象Lixus subtilis Boheman在藜麦上大暴发

甜菜筒喙象是世界潜在入侵象虫网收录的一种重要象甲科昆虫,主要为害甜菜,以及藜科、苋科和蓼科的一些杂草,国内外未曾见有为害藜麦的报道,2016年7月下旬我们发现该种象虫在北京严重为害藜麦。本文首次报道甜菜筒喙象在藜麦上的发生为害情况,同时介绍了其形态识别特征、生物学特性,给出了防治建议,并提出下一步研究重点,为有效防范甜菜筒喙象的进一步扩散为害,保障我国藜麦产业的健康发展提供科学支撑。     

日光温室番茄褪绿病毒病的发生规律及其与Q型烟粉虱种群动态关系

为有效控制日光温室番茄褪绿病毒病,于2014—2015年通过RT-PCR检测方法研究了济南市日光温室番茄褪绿病毒(Tomato chlorosis virus,ToCV)的发生规律、其与Q型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci种群动态的关系及防虫网对该病毒病的防控效果。结果表明,春季日光温室番茄植株上Q型烟粉虱成虫数量呈增长趋势,5月下旬最高达到0.10头/叶,秋季日光温室番茄植株上Q型烟粉虱成虫数量9月上旬达最高7.42头/叶,后逐渐下降;日光温室Q型烟粉虱带毒率随着定植时间的延长而逐渐上升,之后维持相对稳定状态,即春季为20.00%~24.14%,秋季为30.00%~40.00%。日光温室ToCV发生与Q型烟粉虱成虫数量和带毒率密切相关,春季番茄最高发病率为12.00%;秋季番茄植株最高发病率为93.02%。番茄育苗和生长期用100目防虫网隔离可显著降低番茄植株带毒率。因此,秋季是日光温室ToCV防控关键期,覆盖防虫网阻隔烟粉虱可有效防治ToCV,推荐在日光温室使用。     

2种淫羊藿的光合日变化比较

拟巫山淫羊藿是首个实现人工栽培的淫羊藿属植物,箭叶淫羊藿的种植生产技术仍很不成熟。为了进一步研究2 种淫羊藿需光特性,为实际生产提供理论依据。本研究用CI-340 型光合测定系统原位测定自然生长条件下的拟巫山淫羊藿和箭叶淫羊藿光合作用的日变化,测定光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(C)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、相对湿度(RH)、气温(Ta)、表观叶肉导度(ALMC)、蒸腾速率(E)、叶温(Tl)、水分利用效率(WUE)等光合生理因子和环境因子,且采用相关分析、通径分析和多元逐步回归分析探讨净光合速率和生理因子的关系。结果表明：（1）拟巫山淫羊藿叶片净光合速率、表观叶肉导度和气孔导度均呈现“双峰型”变化,其净光合速率的日变化存在典型的“光合午休”现象;（2）箭叶淫羊藿的净光合速率和表观叶肉导度均高于拟巫山淫羊藿;（3）相关分析、通径分析和多元逐步回归分析表明,表观叶肉导度和胞间CO2浓度是影响2 种淫羊藿光合速率的主要因子,其中表观叶肉导度是最主要的影响因素。在实际生产中,应对2种淫羊藿采用不同的栽培策略。     

唐山“三岛”海域小型底栖动物丰度的研究

于2013年5月,8月和10月份对唐山"三岛"海域12个不同站位小型底栖动物进行调查采样。共鉴定出自由生活海洋线虫、桡足类、多毛类、枝角类、端足类、介形类、涡虫类、轮虫类、双壳类及等足类10个类群。最优势类群是线虫,每个站位所占比例基本大于95%,平均丰度大约735.2ind/10cm2。其他类群各站位所占比例不同,且都较小。结果表明,小型底栖动物各类群所占比例随月份的变化并没明显变化;不同月份,各类群的丰度有所变化,其中5月份丰度较高,10月次之,8月份丰度最低。     

Effect of different thermal regimes on glucose,enzymes involved in glycolysis and HSP70 of Litopenaeus vannamei

The purpose of this study was to investigate variations of glucose content, activities of enzymes involved in glycolysis and HSP70 in Litopenaeus vannamei subjected to one constant temperature (25°C) and four daily cyclical temperature change regimes (25 ± 1°C, 25 ± 2°C, 25 ± 3°C and 25 ± 4°C; max 12 am min 12 pm ). Both the glucose and HSP70 in treatment 25°C had a day/night rhythm city (L14:D10), but it gradually disappeared with the increase in temperature fluctuating amplitude. The PK activities varied more and more acutely with the increasing temperature fluctuating amplitude, especially, that in treatment 25 ± 4°C. HK activities were affected by the flux of glucose and the process of glycolysis, which tended to be stable with the increasing temperature fluctuating amplitude. Besides, the variations of PK activities were very abrupt at 25 ± 4°C, which might be unfavourable to the growth of shrimps. The temperature fluctuations affect metabolic adjustments and change the day/night rhythmicity of some physiological indicators.     

Production of inbred larvae through self‐fertilization using oocytes and cryopreserved sperm from the same individuals after sex reversal in eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica

The eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica can change sex which makes self‐fertilization possible if sperm can be cryopreserved. In this study, small (~1 year old) and large (~2–3 years old) oysters were biopsied for sperm collection. Survival of the biopsied oysters after 1 year was 50% for small oysters and 17% for large oysters. Oocytes were collected from sex‐reversed females, and self‐fertilized with cryopreserved sperm. Of the 24 cryopreserved samples, 14 individuals had ≤1% fertility when crossed with oocytes from unrelated females, indicating that the cryopreserved sperm had reduced fertility. The other 10 individuals had a fertility of 39 ± 25% when crossed with oocytes from unrelated females (non‐selfing), but showed a significantly lower success of self‐fertilization (12 ± 16%) (P = 0.008), while aliquots of the same oocytes had a fertilization of 83 ± 11% when crossing with fresh sperm. Larvae were produced at day 3 in the self‐fertilized families (12–94% of the fertilized oocytes), and survived to eyed‐larvae stage at days 11–14. Genotyping with 9 microsatellite markers confirmed that the larvae resulted from self‐fertilization in four families. This study demonstrated the feasibility of creating self‐fertilized inbred lines of oysters by use of non‐lethal sperm collection and cryopreservation.